Proceedings

Proceedings of 3rd Int. Symposium will be available on your request at $50.
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- PART I : COMPACT CITY
- PART II : URBAN LANDSCAPE
- PART III : HOUSING AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT
- PART IV : URBAN ANALYSIS
- PART V : URBAN SPACE

PART I : COMPACT CITY Back to Top

1. Tai-Chee WONG

The New Business District of Singapore: Centralized or Decentralized in an Era of Intensifying Applications of Information Technology?

Urban theory in the 21st century and the way in which modern cities are transforming are in a state of rising uncertainty. The process of change is largely subject to influences of production forces that determine city growth or decline in the globalising world. In the current post-modern urbanization, classical models describing industrial cities are no longer relevant to predict the morphological form of service-centered metropolises, particularly in light of the deterritorializing effects of information and communications technology (ICT). Will the extended Central Business District (CBD) of Singapore, an emerging global city, be needed to cater to future financial district expansion? Or, is physical expansion of the CBD superfluous in an era of intensifying ICT usage? This study investigates Singapore, as a city-state with no hinterland, on the basis of two hypotheses. The first hypothesis hinges on a scenario of intensification and expansion of the CBD should Singapore become further integrated with leading global economies. The second is derived from a weaker integration with global economies but stronger regional integration that lead to a weaker CBD and more decentralization to neighboring Malaysia and Indonesia. The dynamics of both concentration and decentralization are analyzed.

2. Atsushi DEGUCHI, Junnosuke TOYODA

Assessment of Compact City in Terms of LCCO₂ in Case of Bungdang New Town in Korea

This study aims to construct the methodology for quantitative assessment on the environmental impact by large-scale new town construction in terms of "LCCO₂" (Life Cycle CO₂) and energy consumption and to evaluate the "compactness" of high-rise high-density Bungdang New Town in Korea through the method. First of all, we constructed the basic system to assess the impact with the two measurement: LCCO₂ emitted by buildings in their life cycles of a critical term and the energy consumption by commuters' daily trips between the site and its central city. Secondary, surveying Bungdang New Town as a model of high-rise high-density residential new town, we applied the system to the assessment and comparison of the New Town and other type of city. As the results, the case study about Bungdang and the comparison of the other case show the effectiveness of the high-rise high-density layout plan as a compact city in terms of LCCO₂ and energy consumption.

3. Kang-Rae MA

The Relationship between Urban Spatial Structural Change and Commuting Distance

There have been several points of view and debate on whether the dispersal or decentralisation of urban form produced longer commuting time (or distance). In a still inconclusive debate about the effect of urban spatial changes on travel behaviour, Newman and Kenworthy (1992) suggested one interesting point, which is commuting travel distance depends on whether or not journeys are localised. The main purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the relationship between urban structural changes and commuting distance in Seoul. To explore this, the first thing to be considered is whether Seoul's urban spatial structure has been changed further to a polycentric city over time. Secondly, the fact of whether or not historical spatial change made Seoul's commuting trips shorter is examined using mathematical optimisation models. Finally, this study shows the decentralisation of employment or population, or urban spatial change has no stereotyped relation to commuting behaviour, indicating that it causes either a decrease or an increase in average travel distances.

4. Shigeyuki KUROSE, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Atsushi DEGUCHI, Hyungchul KIM, Jae-yeong LEE

Comparative Study on the Residents Transport Behaviour between the Western Area of Fukuoka and Sungnam

The object of this paper is to compare the western area of Fukuoka in Japan, and Sungnam in Korea, on the residents' transport behaviour. First, we compared macro data on both areas. Secondly, we collected the district data, which include population, area, density, and generation of pedestrian and car trips. We analyzed the relationship between the population densities and the generation of pedestrian and car trips. Thirdly, we built a hazard model for evaluating station spheres, and applied it to Meinohama and Seoheun station. As the results, we made clear three points. First one is that Sungnam is much more compact than Fukuoka case. Second one is that at district level, in Fukuoka case, the generation of pedestrian trips has positive relationship with population density, and that of car trips has negative relationship. Third one is that Seoheun station sphere is higher than Meinohama case on the value of hazard for the residents to get to the stations.

5. Shichen ZHAO, Hyonnie LEE

Comparative Study on the Convenience of Community Facilities by Road Network Evaluation between Japan and Korea

This study is a part of the urban comparative study in the dwelling environment of Japan-Korea. It aims to compare the convenience of community facilities in high-density residence and low-density residence. We compare the convenience of facilities by using the method of road network evaluation based on the primary school district. Consequently, we clarified three points as follows. First, the convenience of access is different according to the composition of road network. Secondly, the convenience of access to facilities in Korea is better than that of the primary school district in Fukuoka City. Thirdly, though the results are influenced by the size of primary school district, the access to the facilities of high-rise, high-density residence is better than that of low-rise, low-density residence. However, the convenience of facility-access can be improved by the composition of road network for a low-rise, low-density residence.

6. Myungsoo KANG, Kiho KIM

Townscape Estimation in Low-rise and High-rise Residential Areas in Japan and Korea

This study aims to clarify the characteristic of the townscape in low-rise residential area (; LRA) and high-rise residential area (; HRA) in Japan and Korea. This study consists of two analyses; the first is the analysis according to the element area and the second is analysis by the questionnaire survey. The result is as follows; 1) Area of the building and road is wide in the JLRA and KLRA, and area of the green and open space is wide in the JHRA and KHRA. Especially, JLRA has wide sky area, and KLRA has wide road area. 2) Each residential area has the common space characteristic of 'the natural of space' and 'the exclusive using of the road' and, three common types. 3) The common evaluation factor is beautiful and natural. The difference evaluation factor is pleasant and warm on Japanese side, and there is openness and gay on Korea side. 4) In all residential areas, Japanese side feels limited feeling and stability, and Korea side feels dismal feeling. 5) Japanese side thinks JHRA to be the most excellent residential area, and Korea side thinks JLRA to be so. But, by the evaluation structure, Japanese side likes the LRA, and Korea side likes the HRA.

PART II : URBAN LANDSCAPE Back to Top

7. Mahito NAKAZONO, Masao UKITA, Shinji IKARUGA, Shinji IWAMOTO

Environmental Image of Basin Districts in Primary School Songs

This paper explores the universality and characteristics of representative symbolic environment image of basin districts of Japan. The results are as follows. Geographic environmental elements of the mountain, river and earth are included in a school songs a lot. It is positioned as the universal environmental image. Thus, a symbolic space structure of an area can be grasped. Also an ecological environmental image is as well possible to be grasped. The difference of a rate of appearance of the environmental element is existed in school song. It expresses the characteristics of the environmental richly. It is an effective text in linguistics comprehension of a symbolic environment of the area that a human feeling catches.

8. Hyung-Bok LEE, Seiji SATO, Gab-Soo HAN, Daisuke MURAYAMA, June-Young KIM

Sky Form Analysis of High-rise Apartment Complex using Fisheye Pictures
- On the Evaluation of Landscape for High-rise Apartment Complex in Seoul, Korea -

The purpose of this study is to clarify the visual situation about the internal viewpoint landscape in a high-rise apartment complex using fisheye picture. The sky portion of the fisheye picture taken inside the high-rise apartment complex was divided into four quadrants. And cluster analysis was performed in order to grasp the structure of the sky form. The type of the sky form was greatly set to seven by cluster analysis. The type picture was analyzed, and a model pattern was also built so that it might become intelligible about the form of the fisheye picture. In the internal viewpoint landscape, visual situations have been grasped by the viewpoint of the fisheye picture in the plan and measuring physical indices, such as distance, altitude, and apartment height.

9. Keiichiro HITAKA, Satoshi HAGISHIMA

A Study on Location Pattern of Shrine Drawn in the MEISHO-ZUE

The purpose of this study is to clarify the historical objective of Meisho. To achieve this, the authors classified the topographical features of sites depicted in the scenes. Results of analysis are as follows; 1)The location factors of Shinto shrines can be defined by the headland and seashore, basin, summit, plain, valleys and adjacent to mountains, and seashore and hills indices. 2)Shrines can be classified as shrines located on headlands, shrines located on seashore plains, shrines located on inland plains, shrines located in basins, shrines located at the bases of mountains and or in valleys, or shrines located on summits.3)With regard to the microtopography, the locations of the shrines can be sub-divided into the flatland group, the semi-highland group, and the summit group.4)The small terrain category of shrines located in basins can be further subdivided into basin flatland and basin semi-highland shrines.

10. Gab-Soo HAN, Seiji SATO, Hyung-Bok LEE, Noritaka AIZAWA

Landscape Zone Classification Using Digital Topographic Data and Land Use Data
- The Case Study on OITA City -

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the macro-landscape characteristics of the city using urban planning data. Oita city is the study area where is a typical core local city in Japan. In this research, the mesh data about the altitude and land use of the city are used as a base data of macro scene grasp. This study consists of three steps: (1) Classification of the landscape zone. (2) Grouping of viewpoint field cluster. (3) Analysis of the relation between the landscape zone and viewpoint field cluster. The results of this study are summarized as follows: There was a close relation between land use and the topography in the aspect of the landscape characteristics. The urban district zones were closely related to several viewpoint field clusters. While the non-urban zones that occupy the large area were strongly related to many viewpoint field clusters.

11. Takafumi ARIMA, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Takeru SAKAI

The Characteristics of Viewpoint and Landmark of Landscape by Analyzing 19th European Landscape Paintings

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of viewpoint and view object of beautiful landscape by using the quantitative analysis. The landmarks called the symbolic church, the temple, the gate, and the bridge are drawn on the 19th century European landscape. Those visual sizes and direction have influenced the determination of the viewpoint place greatly. Then, we clarified the characteristics of viewpoints and the visual characteristic of the landmark with the indices of view angle, distance, and direction of landmark. As the result, 1) Painters had selected the crossing of a street, the open space, and the riverbank as a viewpoint place. 2) The landmarks are less than 40 view angles, and are located in less than about 300m of distance. 3) The painter had seen the view object in the angle of 15 - 70 degrees.

PART III : HOUSING AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT Back to Top

12. Yutaka KOMINE, Mahito NAKAZONO, Shinji IWAMOTO

A Study on the Transition of Population and Households in Regional Area Constituted by Dispersive Cities

The purpose of this study is to analyze the transition of population and households in regional area constituted by small cities. We select Yamaguchi Prefecture and the estimation of population by 56 government units in Yamaguchi is carried out by cohort method from 1995 to 2010. And we analyze the change of elderly and carried out the classification of elderly and elderly households. It was predicted that the population concentrates on cities along the Seto Inland Sea. The differences of population change are caused by the differences of the death rate of each area. The elderly increase in the cities, and the 0-64 ages decrease in the inland and mountains. And in the neighboring cities areas, the progress of aging is a small scale because the elderly and the 0-64 ages increase.

13. Mahito NAKAZONO, Akitoshi SHIMATANI, Shinji IWAMOTO, Yutaka KOMINE, Shinji IKARUGA

Estimation of Households by Housing Types by the Model Including the Change of Dwelling

Estimation model of households by housing types that incorporated the fluctuation of population and the change of dwellings between housing types is constructed in this study. By using this model, the households by sex and housing types of Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1998 are estimated, and the comparison with real value and Kawakami Model is carried out. The ratio of two changes dwelling between housing types is applied to the model. In case of changing ratio from 1993 to 1998 total accuracy of this model is 0.983 and the more accurate result is obtained than it of Kawakami model (0.921). About the Owned houses, the Rented houses owned privately and the Issued houses, the accuracy becomes with 0.999, 0.964 and 0.953. About the Rented houses owned by public corporation, the accuracy becomes with 0.857. In case of the ratio from 1988 to 1993, the exactness is 0.970.

14. Israel Ziv KFIR, Junzo MUNEMOTO

Evaluation of the Residential Environment on Man-made Islands in OSAKA Bay

The living environment on the MMIs in Osaka Bay is changing gradually with new emerging MMIs' projects, which include different types of residential environments. The study was concerned primarily with relationship between the built environment and perceived residential environment on MMIs. Specifically, this paper examined the importance of the view from the dwelling unit and its influence on residents' satisfaction with the residential environment. The results support the hypotheses that parameters, which influence the view from the dwelling unit (directly or indirectly), can be decisive for the general evaluation of the residential environment on MMI. Issues such as the vicinity of the residential area to the sea, housing typology, and housing density can influence residential satisfaction on MMIs.

PART IV : URBAN ANALYSIS Back to Top

15. Akira OHGAI, Makoto IGARASHI, Sang-Ryeol MA, Kojiro WATANABE

A Method of Evaluating Landuse Pattern by Means of Genetic Algorithm

The objective of this article is to attempt developing a method of evaluating landuse pattern in terms of environmental and disaster prevention as well as social and economical convenience using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Land use pattern of city is assumed to be a individual expressed by gene sequence in GA. Land use type of a mesh and the location are defined as gene and gene locus respectively as the subject area is covered with meshes. The evaluation function includes the indexes of social and economical convenience, disaster safety, natural vegetation and farmland preservation. Moreover, the present landuse composition rate is given as constraint. Two cases of simulation were carried out, applied to Toyohashi City, Japan. One case is that all weights of the indexes are set at a same value, and another is that the weight about social and economical convenience is set at a higher value.

16. Tae-Heon MOON

Fractal Nature of City and Its Morphological Measurement

This paper presents an experimental measurement and analysis of a city shape morphologically. Fractal theory that is an effective tool to quantify self-similarity and complexity of an object in a chaotic viewpoint was applied for measurement. For the fractaility comparison and computational verification, two totally different cities in Japan were selected. They are Kitakyushu City, a big and fully developed one, and Chingu Machi where almost all parts are occupied with agricultural land use. After converting vector data to raster data, fractal dimensions on two cases in Kitakyushu City and one case in Chingu Machi were estimated. The calculation showed two parts of Kitakyushu City are fractal even though having different fractalities, which differ according to the boundary size and building density of analysis. Chingu Machi, however, was difficult to find its fractality. As a conclusion, Fractal dimension has great relationship with building number density and fractal was proved to be a useful shape language of an object, especially in a city.

17. Ching-yu LIEN, Yen-Jong CHEN

The Impacts of Housing Subsidies on Housing Choice Behavior: The Empirical Comparison of Multinomial Logit Model Combined with Fuzzy Linguistic Scale

In this study, we discuss the impacts of mortgage subsidies on housing choice behavior. Since the household's decision on housing choice involves a complex process, many qualitative factors may not be considered properly. Understanding the household's preference and establishing the evaluating criteria would help the government to formulate housing policies and the housing developers to provide housing products. This study also aims to estimate and compare the empirical results of different methodologies including the housing choice probability obtained by the Logit models combined with the fuzzy linguistic scale (FLS) method. The choice indexes are defined using the FLS method and then applied to the Logit models. The proposed process is tentatively named as "Fuzzy Linguistic Multinomial Logit (FMNL) Model" The empirical data are selected from a housing survey in Tainan City, Taiwan. The results of a case study for housing purchase behavior clearly support this hypothesis, indicating that our modified FMNL model can improve most of the shortcomings in the General Multinomial Logit (GMNL) model significantly. The newly developed and improved model is also closer to actual human realistic cognition and the procedure of decision-making behavior for housing consumption. Moreover, whether the households obtained subsidies from the government or not, the significance of household disposable incomes and housing price height in FMNL is obviously over that in GMNL. We also find that the degree of urbanization is a significant variable for householdÕs housing location choice with subsidies.

PART V : URBAN SPACE Back to Top

18. Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Masahiro MURAKAMI, Tokiko ITO, Akira UCHIDA, Hiroyuki KATAOKA

Revitalization of Central Commercial Area in City

Cities without attractions will be unable to survive in the twenty-first century of slowing growth and aging population. As the present economic circumstances call on cities to create attractive centers or central commercial areas on which to bet their survival, it seems unavoidable that they should focus on areas of relatively high potential in their domains. The central commercial area of a city is an area of relatively high potential in the city. This paper is a report on the revitalization direction of central commercial Area in a city.

19. Yasmin Suriansyah, Ir, MSP

The Influences of the Street Vendor’s Existence on Built Environment in Bandung, Indonesia
- From the Economic-Crisis to the Built-Environmental Crisis -

In Bandung, Indonesia, there are more or less 30.000 street vendors. They occupied illegally almost the whole of public spaces. They ignored the land use plan. This study explores the urban problems that generated by street vendor, and finds some unique phenomena of the changes of street vendor's existence, which significant to be considered by urban planner, urban designer and urban manager. Recently, the existence of street vendors almost in the whole urban areas became stronger. There are four stages of the street vendor's existence in Bandung that manifested on their living space. First, from survival stage, to out of the economic-crisis. The second, from survival-stage to hidden-power stage. The third, from temporary living space to the permanent one. Fourth, immanent process from 'economic crisis' to 'built environmental crisis'. These findings aware us that street vendor existence and its hidden power have significant influence on the urban development in the future.

20. Takeru SAKAI, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Takafumi ARIMA, Shichen ZHAO

A Study on the Exchange, Stationary and the Place Using Time Layers

The purpose of this study is the long term development of the physical environment in which social exchange frequently occurs. This paper examines the use of place in the urban area for exchange, and 'stays' as a phenomenon of exchange. This paper also examines the relationship between stationary people and pedestrians as well as stationary people and place by clarifying the behavior of stationary people. This is done through the investigation of urban squares, such as university campus squares, commercial facilities squares, and railway station squares. The results are that, (1) the average time of the total 2,705 samples of stationary people on eleven squares is 12.4 minutes; (2) behavior, such as 'eating and drinking,' 'sleeping,' 'reading,' are seen in the place where pedestrian density is low, while 'cell phone' and 'talking' are seen in the place where pedestrian density is high; (3) On the lawn, for larger groups, 'talking' and 'eating and drinking' are high and average time of staying is relatively longer.

21. Ananto YUDONO, IKSAN, Asmaun AZIS

Street Vendors Housing Condition and Their Community Basic Needs at Mariso District, MAKASSAR, Indonesia

This study identifies slum-housing problems in the coastal area of Makassar city, where many street vendors working at Losari Beach live there. Combustible house construction and the high house density cause a high risk of mass houses fire disaster. The most significant independent variables, which determine frequent community disease are using buying water for washing, followed by distance from house to close gutter and garbage disposal method. Street vendors need some basic public facilities, in their residence, such as city clean water sanitary, garbage collection service, public bath room, public washing room, public toilet, sport area, kindergarten, small market etc. Urban housing development in developing countries, especially on the poor people housing development should be focused on socio-cultural and economic approach rather than on merely physical approach. Community based development and humanist stance are appropriate for slum housing development.

22. Dachang YUAN

Development of Ecological Communities

At present, bioclimatology and sustainable development strategy brings out a great change to architectural design and urban planning. Today human being have been understood more clearly that a sense attitude, not spoliator , not overprotect, to the limited resources should be adopted , because the environment was become more worse and the energy was lack. Under this construction strategy, we find that the use of regeneration resources in natural circulation was emphasized and the circulation of substances flow and energy flow has been deeply recognized. To realize the natural circulation between substance and energy, high-tech and ancient techniques for a sustainable development are available. Ecological problem is not only exist in energy field, but also in water-supply, refuse and recycling, traffic systems, multi-functional city, landscape agriculture and etc. In this article, these ideas will be expounded combined with a concept planning in Beijing rural area. Environmental problem is not because of the ecological mechanism breakdown suddenly, but the relationship between human and environment have become dangerous. The renovation is not so much a guestion of financial power, but of intelligence, common sense, and good will. Ecology should belongs to everyone and becomes a standard.

23. Wann YU, Youn Taik LEEM

Comparison of Factors Influencing Residents' Satisfaction by Housing Type Between Korea and Japan

The density of housing and/or housing type influence upon the environmental psychology of the residents. The purpose of this study is to compare factors effect on the housing satisfaction between Korea and Japan. Survey data containing individual and housing satisfaction characteristics collected in each country were used for analysis. After descriptive and frequency analysis, regression method was hired. The model is based on the assumption that total satisfaction on living environment is influenced by housing, regional and individual characteristics. The findings are as follows. First, in Korea, for almost of satisfaction items including total satisfaction on living environment, satisfaction levels are higher than in Japan. Next, total satisfaction is highly influenced by building satisfaction in detached housing area and by regional satisfaction in apartment area. Third, total satisfaction level of apartment residents is higher than it of detached housing residents in Korea even though there is no difference founded between housing types in Japan.

24. Hyungchul KIM, Shigeyuki KUROSE, Jaeyeong LEE

A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Accessibility between a Compact City and a Sprawl City

The purpose of this research is to find the difference and characteristics through comparative analysis of energy efficiency, public transportation accessibility by density between a compact city and sprawl city, and high and low density residential districts. Songnam city of Korea and Fukuoka city of Japan were selected, and some high and low density residential areas were selected for micro analysis. The major results of this research and their implications can be summarized as follows; Songnam, it was defined as a compact city through spatial structure analysis, consumes less transportation energy for car and walking when population density is higher while Fukuoka, sprawl city, displays no relation between the two factors. Especially, in the case of Fukuoka, the reason that the regression curve is positively increased with density is conjectured because the supply of public transportation is very low compared with the high density area and it makes people divert to private cars because the use of public transport is impossible. Accessibility to public transportation is analyzed using CAI (Complementary accessibility index) which can evaluate accessibility. The results indicate that the public transportation accessibility will be affected not by simple density of a district but by spatial distribution of population between a compact city and sprawl city and high density district and low density district.

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PART I : COMPACT CITY	Back to Top
1. Tai-Chee WONG
The New Business District of Singapore: Centralized or Decentralized in an Era of Intensifying Applications of Information Technology?
Urban theory in the 21st century and the way in which modern cities are transforming are in a state of rising uncertainty. The process of change is largely subject to influences of production forces that determine city growth or decline in the globalising world. In the current post-modern urbanization, classical models describing industrial cities are no longer relevant to predict the morphological form of service-centered metropolises, particularly in light of the deterritorializing effects of information and communications technology (ICT). Will the extended Central Business District (CBD) of Singapore, an emerging global city, be needed to cater to future financial district expansion? Or, is physical expansion of the CBD superfluous in an era of intensifying ICT usage? This study investigates Singapore, as a city-state with no hinterland, on the basis of two hypotheses. The first hypothesis hinges on a scenario of intensification and expansion of the CBD should Singapore become further integrated with leading global economies. The second is derived from a weaker integration with global economies but stronger regional integration that lead to a weaker CBD and more decentralization to neighboring Malaysia and Indonesia. The dynamics of both concentration and decentralization are analyzed.
2. Atsushi DEGUCHI, Junnosuke TOYODA
Assessment of Compact City in Terms of LCCO₂ in Case of Bungdang New Town in Korea
This study aims to construct the methodology for quantitative assessment on the environmental impact by large-scale new town construction in terms of "LCCO₂" (Life Cycle CO₂) and energy consumption and to evaluate the "compactness" of high-rise high-density Bungdang New Town in Korea through the method. First of all, we constructed the basic system to assess the impact with the two measurement: LCCO₂ emitted by buildings in their life cycles of a critical term and the energy consumption by commuters' daily trips between the site and its central city. Secondary, surveying Bungdang New Town as a model of high-rise high-density residential new town, we applied the system to the assessment and comparison of the New Town and other type of city. As the results, the case study about Bungdang and the comparison of the other case show the effectiveness of the high-rise high-density layout plan as a compact city in terms of LCCO₂ and energy consumption.
3. Kang-Rae MA
The Relationship between Urban Spatial Structural Change and Commuting Distance
There have been several points of view and debate on whether the dispersal or decentralisation of urban form produced longer commuting time (or distance). In a still inconclusive debate about the effect of urban spatial changes on travel behaviour, Newman and Kenworthy (1992) suggested one interesting point, which is commuting travel distance depends on whether or not journeys are localised. The main purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the relationship between urban structural changes and commuting distance in Seoul. To explore this, the first thing to be considered is whether Seoul's urban spatial structure has been changed further to a polycentric city over time. Secondly, the fact of whether or not historical spatial change made Seoul's commuting trips shorter is examined using mathematical optimisation models. Finally, this study shows the decentralisation of employment or population, or urban spatial change has no stereotyped relation to commuting behaviour, indicating that it causes either a decrease or an increase in average travel distances.
4. Shigeyuki KUROSE, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Atsushi DEGUCHI, Hyungchul KIM, Jae-yeong LEE
Comparative Study on the Residents Transport Behaviour between the Western Area of Fukuoka and Sungnam
The object of this paper is to compare the western area of Fukuoka in Japan, and Sungnam in Korea, on the residents' transport behaviour. First, we compared macro data on both areas. Secondly, we collected the district data, which include population, area, density, and generation of pedestrian and car trips. We analyzed the relationship between the population densities and the generation of pedestrian and car trips. Thirdly, we built a hazard model for evaluating station spheres, and applied it to Meinohama and Seoheun station. As the results, we made clear three points. First one is that Sungnam is much more compact than Fukuoka case. Second one is that at district level, in Fukuoka case, the generation of pedestrian trips has positive relationship with population density, and that of car trips has negative relationship. Third one is that Seoheun station sphere is higher than Meinohama case on the value of hazard for the residents to get to the stations.
5. Shichen ZHAO, Hyonnie LEE
Comparative Study on the Convenience of Community Facilities by Road Network Evaluation between Japan and Korea
This study is a part of the urban comparative study in the dwelling environment of Japan-Korea. It aims to compare the convenience of community facilities in high-density residence and low-density residence. We compare the convenience of facilities by using the method of road network evaluation based on the primary school district. Consequently, we clarified three points as follows. First, the convenience of access is different according to the composition of road network. Secondly, the convenience of access to facilities in Korea is better than that of the primary school district in Fukuoka City. Thirdly, though the results are influenced by the size of primary school district, the access to the facilities of high-rise, high-density residence is better than that of low-rise, low-density residence. However, the convenience of facility-access can be improved by the composition of road network for a low-rise, low-density residence.
6. Myungsoo KANG, Kiho KIM
Townscape Estimation in Low-rise and High-rise Residential Areas in Japan and Korea
This study aims to clarify the characteristic of the townscape in low-rise residential area (; LRA) and high-rise residential area (; HRA) in Japan and Korea. This study consists of two analyses; the first is the analysis according to the element area and the second is analysis by the questionnaire survey. The result is as follows; 1) Area of the building and road is wide in the JLRA and KLRA, and area of the green and open space is wide in the JHRA and KHRA. Especially, JLRA has wide sky area, and KLRA has wide road area. 2) Each residential area has the common space characteristic of 'the natural of space' and 'the exclusive using of the road' and, three common types. 3) The common evaluation factor is beautiful and natural. The difference evaluation factor is pleasant and warm on Japanese side, and there is openness and gay on Korea side. 4) In all residential areas, Japanese side feels limited feeling and stability, and Korea side feels dismal feeling. 5) Japanese side thinks JHRA to be the most excellent residential area, and Korea side thinks JLRA to be so. But, by the evaluation structure, Japanese side likes the LRA, and Korea side likes the HRA.

PART II : URBAN LANDSCAPE	Back to Top
7. Mahito NAKAZONO, Masao UKITA, Shinji IKARUGA, Shinji IWAMOTO
Environmental Image of Basin Districts in Primary School Songs
This paper explores the universality and characteristics of representative symbolic environment image of basin districts of Japan. The results are as follows. Geographic environmental elements of the mountain, river and earth are included in a school songs a lot. It is positioned as the universal environmental image. Thus, a symbolic space structure of an area can be grasped. Also an ecological environmental image is as well possible to be grasped. The difference of a rate of appearance of the environmental element is existed in school song. It expresses the characteristics of the environmental richly. It is an effective text in linguistics comprehension of a symbolic environment of the area that a human feeling catches.
8. Hyung-Bok LEE, Seiji SATO, Gab-Soo HAN, Daisuke MURAYAMA, June-Young KIM
Sky Form Analysis of High-rise Apartment Complex using Fisheye Pictures - On the Evaluation of Landscape for High-rise Apartment Complex in Seoul, Korea -
The purpose of this study is to clarify the visual situation about the internal viewpoint landscape in a high-rise apartment complex using fisheye picture. The sky portion of the fisheye picture taken inside the high-rise apartment complex was divided into four quadrants. And cluster analysis was performed in order to grasp the structure of the sky form. The type of the sky form was greatly set to seven by cluster analysis. The type picture was analyzed, and a model pattern was also built so that it might become intelligible about the form of the fisheye picture. In the internal viewpoint landscape, visual situations have been grasped by the viewpoint of the fisheye picture in the plan and measuring physical indices, such as distance, altitude, and apartment height.
9. Keiichiro HITAKA, Satoshi HAGISHIMA
A Study on Location Pattern of Shrine Drawn in the MEISHO-ZUE
The purpose of this study is to clarify the historical objective of Meisho. To achieve this, the authors classified the topographical features of sites depicted in the scenes. Results of analysis are as follows; 1)The location factors of Shinto shrines can be defined by the headland and seashore, basin, summit, plain, valleys and adjacent to mountains, and seashore and hills indices. 2)Shrines can be classified as shrines located on headlands, shrines located on seashore plains, shrines located on inland plains, shrines located in basins, shrines located at the bases of mountains and or in valleys, or shrines located on summits.3)With regard to the microtopography, the locations of the shrines can be sub-divided into the flatland group, the semi-highland group, and the summit group.4)The small terrain category of shrines located in basins can be further subdivided into basin flatland and basin semi-highland shrines.
10. Gab-Soo HAN, Seiji SATO, Hyung-Bok LEE, Noritaka AIZAWA
Landscape Zone Classification Using Digital Topographic Data and Land Use Data - The Case Study on OITA City -
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the macro-landscape characteristics of the city using urban planning data. Oita city is the study area where is a typical core local city in Japan. In this research, the mesh data about the altitude and land use of the city are used as a base data of macro scene grasp. This study consists of three steps: (1) Classification of the landscape zone. (2) Grouping of viewpoint field cluster. (3) Analysis of the relation between the landscape zone and viewpoint field cluster. The results of this study are summarized as follows: There was a close relation between land use and the topography in the aspect of the landscape characteristics. The urban district zones were closely related to several viewpoint field clusters. While the non-urban zones that occupy the large area were strongly related to many viewpoint field clusters.
11. Takafumi ARIMA, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Takeru SAKAI
The Characteristics of Viewpoint and Landmark of Landscape by Analyzing 19th European Landscape Paintings
The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of viewpoint and view object of beautiful landscape by using the quantitative analysis. The landmarks called the symbolic church, the temple, the gate, and the bridge are drawn on the 19th century European landscape. Those visual sizes and direction have influenced the determination of the viewpoint place greatly. Then, we clarified the characteristics of viewpoints and the visual characteristic of the landmark with the indices of view angle, distance, and direction of landmark. As the result, 1) Painters had selected the crossing of a street, the open space, and the riverbank as a viewpoint place. 2) The landmarks are less than 40 view angles, and are located in less than about 300m of distance. 3) The painter had seen the view object in the angle of 15 - 70 degrees.

PART III : HOUSING AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT	Back to Top
12. Yutaka KOMINE, Mahito NAKAZONO, Shinji IWAMOTO
A Study on the Transition of Population and Households in Regional Area Constituted by Dispersive Cities
The purpose of this study is to analyze the transition of population and households in regional area constituted by small cities. We select Yamaguchi Prefecture and the estimation of population by 56 government units in Yamaguchi is carried out by cohort method from 1995 to 2010. And we analyze the change of elderly and carried out the classification of elderly and elderly households. It was predicted that the population concentrates on cities along the Seto Inland Sea. The differences of population change are caused by the differences of the death rate of each area. The elderly increase in the cities, and the 0-64 ages decrease in the inland and mountains. And in the neighboring cities areas, the progress of aging is a small scale because the elderly and the 0-64 ages increase.
13. Mahito NAKAZONO, Akitoshi SHIMATANI, Shinji IWAMOTO, Yutaka KOMINE, Shinji IKARUGA
Estimation of Households by Housing Types by the Model Including the Change of Dwelling
Estimation model of households by housing types that incorporated the fluctuation of population and the change of dwellings between housing types is constructed in this study. By using this model, the households by sex and housing types of Yamaguchi Prefecture in 1998 are estimated, and the comparison with real value and Kawakami Model is carried out. The ratio of two changes dwelling between housing types is applied to the model. In case of changing ratio from 1993 to 1998 total accuracy of this model is 0.983 and the more accurate result is obtained than it of Kawakami model (0.921). About the Owned houses, the Rented houses owned privately and the Issued houses, the accuracy becomes with 0.999, 0.964 and 0.953. About the Rented houses owned by public corporation, the accuracy becomes with 0.857. In case of the ratio from 1988 to 1993, the exactness is 0.970.
14. Israel Ziv KFIR, Junzo MUNEMOTO
Evaluation of the Residential Environment on Man-made Islands in OSAKA Bay
The living environment on the MMIs in Osaka Bay is changing gradually with new emerging MMIs' projects, which include different types of residential environments. The study was concerned primarily with relationship between the built environment and perceived residential environment on MMIs. Specifically, this paper examined the importance of the view from the dwelling unit and its influence on residents' satisfaction with the residential environment. The results support the hypotheses that parameters, which influence the view from the dwelling unit (directly or indirectly), can be decisive for the general evaluation of the residential environment on MMI. Issues such as the vicinity of the residential area to the sea, housing typology, and housing density can influence residential satisfaction on MMIs.

PART IV : URBAN ANALYSIS	Back to Top
15. Akira OHGAI, Makoto IGARASHI, Sang-Ryeol MA, Kojiro WATANABE
A Method of Evaluating Landuse Pattern by Means of Genetic Algorithm
The objective of this article is to attempt developing a method of evaluating landuse pattern in terms of environmental and disaster prevention as well as social and economical convenience using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Land use pattern of city is assumed to be a individual expressed by gene sequence in GA. Land use type of a mesh and the location are defined as gene and gene locus respectively as the subject area is covered with meshes. The evaluation function includes the indexes of social and economical convenience, disaster safety, natural vegetation and farmland preservation. Moreover, the present landuse composition rate is given as constraint. Two cases of simulation were carried out, applied to Toyohashi City, Japan. One case is that all weights of the indexes are set at a same value, and another is that the weight about social and economical convenience is set at a higher value.
16. Tae-Heon MOON
Fractal Nature of City and Its Morphological Measurement
This paper presents an experimental measurement and analysis of a city shape morphologically. Fractal theory that is an effective tool to quantify self-similarity and complexity of an object in a chaotic viewpoint was applied for measurement. For the fractaility comparison and computational verification, two totally different cities in Japan were selected. They are Kitakyushu City, a big and fully developed one, and Chingu Machi where almost all parts are occupied with agricultural land use. After converting vector data to raster data, fractal dimensions on two cases in Kitakyushu City and one case in Chingu Machi were estimated. The calculation showed two parts of Kitakyushu City are fractal even though having different fractalities, which differ according to the boundary size and building density of analysis. Chingu Machi, however, was difficult to find its fractality. As a conclusion, Fractal dimension has great relationship with building number density and fractal was proved to be a useful shape language of an object, especially in a city.
17. Ching-yu LIEN, Yen-Jong CHEN
The Impacts of Housing Subsidies on Housing Choice Behavior: The Empirical Comparison of Multinomial Logit Model Combined with Fuzzy Linguistic Scale
In this study, we discuss the impacts of mortgage subsidies on housing choice behavior. Since the household's decision on housing choice involves a complex process, many qualitative factors may not be considered properly. Understanding the household's preference and establishing the evaluating criteria would help the government to formulate housing policies and the housing developers to provide housing products. This study also aims to estimate and compare the empirical results of different methodologies including the housing choice probability obtained by the Logit models combined with the fuzzy linguistic scale (FLS) method. The choice indexes are defined using the FLS method and then applied to the Logit models. The proposed process is tentatively named as "Fuzzy Linguistic Multinomial Logit (FMNL) Model" The empirical data are selected from a housing survey in Tainan City, Taiwan. The results of a case study for housing purchase behavior clearly support this hypothesis, indicating that our modified FMNL model can improve most of the shortcomings in the General Multinomial Logit (GMNL) model significantly. The newly developed and improved model is also closer to actual human realistic cognition and the procedure of decision-making behavior for housing consumption. Moreover, whether the households obtained subsidies from the government or not, the significance of household disposable incomes and housing price height in FMNL is obviously over that in GMNL. We also find that the degree of urbanization is a significant variable for householdÕs housing location choice with subsidies.

PART V : URBAN SPACE	Back to Top
18. Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Masahiro MURAKAMI, Tokiko ITO, Akira UCHIDA, Hiroyuki KATAOKA
Revitalization of Central Commercial Area in City
Cities without attractions will be unable to survive in the twenty-first century of slowing growth and aging population. As the present economic circumstances call on cities to create attractive centers or central commercial areas on which to bet their survival, it seems unavoidable that they should focus on areas of relatively high potential in their domains. The central commercial area of a city is an area of relatively high potential in the city. This paper is a report on the revitalization direction of central commercial Area in a city.
19. Yasmin Suriansyah, Ir, MSP
The Influences of the Street Vendor’s Existence on Built Environment in Bandung, Indonesia - From the Economic-Crisis to the Built-Environmental Crisis -
In Bandung, Indonesia, there are more or less 30.000 street vendors. They occupied illegally almost the whole of public spaces. They ignored the land use plan. This study explores the urban problems that generated by street vendor, and finds some unique phenomena of the changes of street vendor's existence, which significant to be considered by urban planner, urban designer and urban manager. Recently, the existence of street vendors almost in the whole urban areas became stronger. There are four stages of the street vendor's existence in Bandung that manifested on their living space. First, from survival stage, to out of the economic-crisis. The second, from survival-stage to hidden-power stage. The third, from temporary living space to the permanent one. Fourth, immanent process from 'economic crisis' to 'built environmental crisis'. These findings aware us that street vendor existence and its hidden power have significant influence on the urban development in the future.
20. Takeru SAKAI, Satoshi HAGISHIMA, Takafumi ARIMA, Shichen ZHAO
A Study on the Exchange, Stationary and the Place Using Time Layers
The purpose of this study is the long term development of the physical environment in which social exchange frequently occurs. This paper examines the use of place in the urban area for exchange, and 'stays' as a phenomenon of exchange. This paper also examines the relationship between stationary people and pedestrians as well as stationary people and place by clarifying the behavior of stationary people. This is done through the investigation of urban squares, such as university campus squares, commercial facilities squares, and railway station squares. The results are that, (1) the average time of the total 2,705 samples of stationary people on eleven squares is 12.4 minutes; (2) behavior, such as 'eating and drinking,' 'sleeping,' 'reading,' are seen in the place where pedestrian density is low, while 'cell phone' and 'talking' are seen in the place where pedestrian density is high; (3) On the lawn, for larger groups, 'talking' and 'eating and drinking' are high and average time of staying is relatively longer.
21. Ananto YUDONO, IKSAN, Asmaun AZIS
Street Vendors Housing Condition and Their Community Basic Needs at Mariso District, MAKASSAR, Indonesia
This study identifies slum-housing problems in the coastal area of Makassar city, where many street vendors working at Losari Beach live there. Combustible house construction and the high house density cause a high risk of mass houses fire disaster. The most significant independent variables, which determine frequent community disease are using buying water for washing, followed by distance from house to close gutter and garbage disposal method. Street vendors need some basic public facilities, in their residence, such as city clean water sanitary, garbage collection service, public bath room, public washing room, public toilet, sport area, kindergarten, small market etc. Urban housing development in developing countries, especially on the poor people housing development should be focused on socio-cultural and economic approach rather than on merely physical approach. Community based development and humanist stance are appropriate for slum housing development.
22. Dachang YUAN
Development of Ecological Communities
At present, bioclimatology and sustainable development strategy brings out a great change to architectural design and urban planning. Today human being have been understood more clearly that a sense attitude, not spoliator , not overprotect, to the limited resources should be adopted , because the environment was become more worse and the energy was lack. Under this construction strategy, we find that the use of regeneration resources in natural circulation was emphasized and the circulation of substances flow and energy flow has been deeply recognized. To realize the natural circulation between substance and energy, high-tech and ancient techniques for a sustainable development are available. Ecological problem is not only exist in energy field, but also in water-supply, refuse and recycling, traffic systems, multi-functional city, landscape agriculture and etc. In this article, these ideas will be expounded combined with a concept planning in Beijing rural area. Environmental problem is not because of the ecological mechanism breakdown suddenly, but the relationship between human and environment have become dangerous. The renovation is not so much a guestion of financial power, but of intelligence, common sense, and good will. Ecology should belongs to everyone and becomes a standard.
23. Wann YU, Youn Taik LEEM
Comparison of Factors Influencing Residents' Satisfaction by Housing Type Between Korea and Japan
The density of housing and/or housing type influence upon the environmental psychology of the residents. The purpose of this study is to compare factors effect on the housing satisfaction between Korea and Japan. Survey data containing individual and housing satisfaction characteristics collected in each country were used for analysis. After descriptive and frequency analysis, regression method was hired. The model is based on the assumption that total satisfaction on living environment is influenced by housing, regional and individual characteristics. The findings are as follows. First, in Korea, for almost of satisfaction items including total satisfaction on living environment, satisfaction levels are higher than in Japan. Next, total satisfaction is highly influenced by building satisfaction in detached housing area and by regional satisfaction in apartment area. Third, total satisfaction level of apartment residents is higher than it of detached housing residents in Korea even though there is no difference founded between housing types in Japan.
24. Hyungchul KIM, Shigeyuki KUROSE, Jaeyeong LEE
A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Accessibility between a Compact City and a Sprawl City
The purpose of this research is to find the difference and characteristics through comparative analysis of energy efficiency, public transportation accessibility by density between a compact city and sprawl city, and high and low density residential districts. Songnam city of Korea and Fukuoka city of Japan were selected, and some high and low density residential areas were selected for micro analysis. The major results of this research and their implications can be summarized as follows; Songnam, it was defined as a compact city through spatial structure analysis, consumes less transportation energy for car and walking when population density is higher while Fukuoka, sprawl city, displays no relation between the two factors. Especially, in the case of Fukuoka, the reason that the regression curve is positively increased with density is conjectured because the supply of public transportation is very low compared with the high density area and it makes people divert to private cars because the use of public transport is impossible. Accessibility to public transportation is analyzed using CAI (Complementary accessibility index) which can evaluate accessibility. The results indicate that the public transportation accessibility will be affected not by simple density of a district but by spatial distribution of population between a compact city and sprawl city and high density district and low density district.